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Emma Lazarus (July 22, 1849 – November 19, 1887) was an American poet born in New York City. She is best known for "The New Colossus", a sonnet written in 1883; its lines appear inscribed on a bronze plaque in the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty〔Watts, Emily Stipes. ''The Poetry of American Women from 1632 to 1945''. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1977: 123. ISBN 0-292-76450-2〕 installed in 1903, a decade and a half after Lazarus's death.〔Young, Bette Roth (1997). Emma Lazarus in Her World: Life and Letters. The Jewish Publication Society. ISBN 0-8276-0618-4. p. 3:〕 ==Background== Lazarus was born into a large Sephardic Jewish family, the fourth of seven children of Moses Lazarus and Esther Nathan,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url= http://jwa.org/womenofvalor/lazarus )〕 The Lazarus family was originally from Portugal and had settled in New York long before the American Revolution. Lazarus's great-great grandmother on her mother's side, Grace Seixas Nathan (born in New York in 1752) was also a poet.〔Schor, Esther. Emma Lazarus. Schocken, 2008.〕 Lazarus was also related through her mother to Benjamin N. Cardozo, Associate Justice of the US Supreme Court. From an early age, she studied American and British literature, as well as several languages, including German, French, and Italian. Her writings attracted the attention of Ralph Waldo Emerson. She was also an early admirer of Henry George, and was a part of his Single Tax movement for a number of years. Lazarus wrote her own important poems and edited many adaptations of German poems, notably those of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Heinrich Heine.〔''The Poems of Emma Lazarus'' in Two Volumes, kindle ebooks ASIN B0082RVVJ2 & ASIN B0082RDHSA〕 She also wrote a novel and two plays in five acts, ''The Spagnoletto'', a tragic verse drama about the titular figure and ''The Dance to Death'', a dramatization of a German short story about the burning of Jews in Nordhausen during the Black Death. Lazarus began to be more interested in her Jewish ancestry after reading the George Eliot novel ''Daniel Deronda'', and as she heard of the Russian pogroms that followed the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881. As a result of this anti-Semitic violence, thousands of destitute Ashkenazi Jews emigrated from the Russian Pale of Settlement to New York, leading Lazarus to write articles on the subject as well as the book ''Songs of a Semite'' (1882). Lazarus began at this point to advocate on behalf of indigent Jewish refugees. She helped establish the Hebrew Technical Institute in New York to provide vocational training to assist destitute Jewish immigrants to become self-supporting. She is best known for "The New Colossus", a sonnet written in 1883; its lines appear on a bronze plaque in the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty〔 placed in 1903.〔 The sonnet was written for and donated to an auction, conducted by the "Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty" to raise funds to build the pedestal.〔 p. 3: Auction event named as " Lowell says poem gave the statue "a raison e'tre;" fell into obscurity; not mentioned at statue opening; Georgina Schuyler's campaign for the plaque〕〔 p. 45: Solicited by "William Maxwell Evert" (presumably William Maxwell Evarts ) Lazarus refused initially; convinced by Constance Cary Harrison〕 Lazarus' close friend Rose Hawthorne Lathrop was inspired by "The New Colossus" to found the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne. Lazarus is also known for her sixteen part cycle poem "Epochs".〔Obituary in ''Century Magazine'' ''The Poems of Emma Lazarus'' in Two Volumes, kindle ebooks ASIN B0082RVVJ2 & ASIN B0082RDHSA〕 She traveled twice to Europe, first in 1883 and again from 1885 to 1887.〔Esther Schor, ''Emma Lazarus'' (2006)〕 On one of those trips, Georgiana Burne-Jones, the wife of the Pre-Raphaelite painter Edward Burne-Jones, introduced her to William Morris at her home the Grange.〔Judith Flanders, ''A Circle of Sisters'' (2001) page 186.〕 She returned to New York City seriously ill after her second trip and died two months later on November 19, 1887, most likely from Hodgkin's lymphoma. She is an important forerunner of the Zionist movement. She argued for the creation of a Jewish homeland thirteen years before Theodor Herzl began to use the term Zionism.〔() by Briana Simon (WZO Hagshama)〕 Lazarus is buried in Beth-Olom Cemetery in Brooklyn. Emma Lazarus was honored by the Office of the Manhattan Borough President in March 2008 and her home on West 10th Street was included in a map of Women's Rights Historic Sites.〔http://www.mbpo.org/free_details.asp?ID=234〕 The Museum of Jewish Heritage featured an exhibition about Emma Lazarus in 2012. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Emma Lazarus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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